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Public Notice CRTC 2001-31
 

Ottawa, 28 February 2001
 

Report to the Governor in Council on the earliest possible establishment of over-the-air television services that reflect and meet the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of the Greater Vancouver Area.

Table of Contents

Paragraph

 

Summary

 
 

Introduction

1

 

Summary of written comments

4

 

Overview

4

 

The changing face of Vancouver

6

 

A vital role in the community

7

 

A competitive licensing process

16

 

Positions of the broadcasters

17

 

Conclusion

21

 

Demographic composition of Greater Vancouver

22

 

Introduction

22

 

Population of Great Vancouver by ethnic origin

25

 

Population of Greater Vancouver by mother tongue

29

 

Conclusions

30

 

Existing ethnic television programming in Greater Vancouver

32

 

Conventional television services

33

 

Special programming channel

34

 

Ethnic specialty services

36

 

Conclusions

43

 

Available television channels in Greater Vancouver

45

 

Existing policy framework for television services

46

 

Introduction

46

 

Policy framework for Canadian television (Public Notice CRTC 1999-97)

48

 

Ethnic broadcasting policy (Public Notice CRTC 1999-117)

49

 

Licensing procedures and criteria for considering new television applications

51

 

Vancouver/Victoria television market

54

 

A call for applications to provide an over-the-air ethnic television service to Vancouver

58

 

Appendix : Parties submitting written comments




 

Summary

 

In this public notice the Commission reports to the Governor in Council on the earliest possible establishment of over-the-air television services that reflect and meet the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of the Greater Vancouver Area, as requested in Order in Council P.C. 2000-1551 dated 13 September 2000.

 

After careful consideration of this issue and the written comments filed as part of this proceeding, the Commission has reached the following conclusions:

 

· There is a very strong demand for a new television service to better serve the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of Greater Vancouver. The vast majority of parties submitting comments strongly believe that the licensing of a new over-the-air ethnic television service with a strong local component is essential.

 

· Greater Vancouver has a diverse and growing multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population.

 

· Although ethnic television programming is available in Greater Vancouver, very little is locally produced or locally oriented, and only a small amount is provided by over-the-air stations. Most of what is available is distributed by cable or satellite, and can only be obtained through the payment of a fee in addition to the basic monthly subscriber fee.

 

· There are a number of analog television channels available in Greater Vancouver for additional over-the-air services.

 

· The Commission recognizes the state of uncertainty in the Vancouver/Victoria television market, and the possible impact that the introduction of a new station may have on existing broadcasting services. However, the Commission considers the early establishment of an over-the-air television service that reflects and meets the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of Greater Vancouver to be a priority.

 

Accordingly, in Public Notice CRTC 2001-32 released today, the Commission issues a call for applications under its Ethnic Broadcasting Policy to provide an over-the-air ethnic television service to Vancouver. The Commission is satisfied that the provisions of this policy, including its flexibility, offers an effective means to achieve the earliest possible establishment of an over-the-air television service that ensures the reflection of the aspirations and circumstances of all Canadians, and the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canadian society.

 

Introduction

1.

In Order in Council P.C. 2000-1551 dated 13 September 2000, the Governor in Council requested the Commission to report by 28 February 2001 on the earliest possible establishment of over-the-air television services that reflect and meet the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of the Greater Vancouver Area.

2.

In response to the Order, the Commission issued Public Notice CRTC 2000-145 on 20 October 2000 inviting written comments from the public. Comments were to be submitted on or before 24 November 2000.

3.

The Commission received 547 written comments, all of which have been placed on the public file of this proceeding. The written comments have been fully considered by the Commission in the preparation of its report. A complete list of the parties submitting written comments is attached as an appendix to this notice.
 

Summary of written comments

 

Overview

4.

Of the 547 comments submitted in response to PN 2000-145, the Commission received more than 350 from individuals and approximately 180 from organizations representing various ethnic communities in Greater Vancouver and from across Canada. One intervention included a petition with 9,402 signatures calling for the establishment of a new ethnic television service, and a number of other submissions included numerous letters in support of a new ethnic television station in Vancouver. The remaining interventions were from broadcasters, producers of ethnic programs and other individuals.

5.

The following excerpts are indicative of the strong support expressed by virtually all of these individuals and organizations for the establishment of an over-the-air ethnic television service in Greater Vancouver.
 

It is hard to imagine that a city with as much cultural wealth as Vancouver does not have a proper way to show this to its people. I, like many other immigrants, want to become good Canadian citizens and I appreciate all that Canada has to offer, including its diversity. (Edwin Fahr, Comment #411)

 

Vancouver is no less multicultural than Toronto. Why is it being deprived of a multilingual station? The people of Greater Vancouver Area need multilingual television and they deserve one. To deny them the service is to ignore their existence. (Irene Chu, Comment #119)

 

So finally, through the establishment of a freely accessible multilingual TV station, our city is recognized for our rich mix of cultures and we can celebrate and further understand our experience living within multicultural, multiracial society. Granting Vancouver a truly, entirely multicultural TV station will make our city more lively and charming! (Kemmy Lopez, Comment #346)

 

The changing face of Vancouver

6.

A number of comments addressed the changing face of Vancouver.
 

According to the 1996 census, almost 50% of people in the Lower Mainland have an ethnic origin other than English, French, Canadian or Aboriginal. Moreover, there are at least 565,000 people in Vancouver who are members of visible-minority groups, including 288,000 Chinese and 125,350 South Asians. (Canadian Race Relations Foundation, Comment #456)

 

Vancouver population now speak more than 70 languages, according to our School Board statistics. It baffles one to think that many of those newcomers who don't speak one of the official two languages are denied the opportunity to obtain news, information or programs in their first language from a free television station, or that some of them (like my parents) have to pay hefty subscriber's fees to get that service. (Baldwin Wong, Comment # 507)

 

A vital role in the community

7.

A number of interveners, particularly representatives of social agencies, spoke of the loneliness and isolation faced by many new Canadians, and the important role an ethnic television station can play in helping immigrants adapt to Canadian society.
 

Many immigrant/refugee newcomers to Canada face isolation especially if they are elderly or have small children, some women have to stay at home and raise their children or live in an abusive family situation, and some are illiterate women. These are only a fraction of the barriers and challenges that immigrant/refugee women have to face in their every day life in their new environment. (Immigrant and Visible Minority Women of B.C., Comment #363)

 

The language barrier isolates many members of the communities who would like a smooth transition into the Canadian society. Many people are torn between two cultures and trying to make a balance between the two can be frustrating, painful and confusing. (Kamilla Singh, Comment #421)

 

Everyone has a right to feel like they belong in a community. In these trying times, multicultural television will help individuals of all ethnic backgrounds feel confident that they belong as part of Canada. (Joyce Lee, Comment #250)

 

A multilingual and multicultural TV station that is free and over-the-air could be a true resource for everyone in Vancouver. It could help new immigrants adjust quicker, dispel stereotypes, and educate and inform all residents about members of their community. It could build bridges between people and cultures. (Bryan Wolstenholme, Comment #242)

8.

Interveners also spoke of the important role that can be played by an ethnic television station in promoting an informed public.
 

. while we are learning English, it is just as important for us to know what is happening in our new country and in the world, so we can make informed decisions until such time that we are fluent. There are no benefits to keeping over 800,000 of Vancouver's population ignorant about Canada and many benefits to giving them access to useful information and education. (Wai Sin and family, Comment # 372)

 

Like so many people who come to this country with very little English speaking ability, I must rely on my native language to help me go through the transition while diligently trying to learn English and the Canadian way of living. I think that the lack of access to information for non-English speaking immigrants hurts us from learning about Canada. An ethnic broadcasting channel with programs in different languages, however, would help break the language and cultural barrier. (Stephanie Yuan, Comment #511)

9.

Others noted the practical benefits that a new ethnic television service would produce. Professor Joan Anderson (Comment #396) cited a number of specific examples of how multilingual TV could be used for educational purposes, including the provision of English language training, and the dissemination of information concerning health issues, the workplace, job training and managing finances.

10.

Numerous interveners noted that the Vancouver/Victoria television market already has five English-language over-the-air television stations, and urged the Commission to license an ethnic television station, without delay, to serve the needs of non-English-speaking groups. These parties are of the view that the television services currently offered in Greater Vancouver do not adequately serve the city's diverse multicultural population.

11.

Even taking into account the amount of ethnic programming that is currently available in Great Vancouver, most parties considered that the ethnic population remains underserved. Interveners also commented on the fact that most of the ethnic programming that is available can only be obtained for a subscription fee, making it less accessible to many segments of the ethnic population.
 

Unfortunately, people who have most difficulty integrating to our society are usually low-income families that cannot afford any pay-television. A free multilingual station is definitely in great need. (Alice Leung, Comment #209)

 

While there are TV stations for the Chinese, these are paid channels that many may not afford to subscribe for them. Our library operates a Mobile Outreach Service to senior housing projects and extended care homes. Most of the residents do not speak English. A free TV in their own language will connect them with the community around them and promote their understanding of Canadian values. (The Chinese Community Library Services Association, Comment #140)

12.

Many supported the Commission's ethnic broadcasting policy and cited, in particular, the fact that ethnic broadcasters are required to provide service to a significant number of different ethnic groups in a minimum number of languages.

13.

A number of parties noted that there is virtually no locally-produced or locally-oriented ethnic programming, and cited the needfor more ethnic programming that truly reflects the issues and concerns of those living in Greater Vancouver.
 

There needs to be a greater balance in on-air time between original local productions and syndicated foreign programs. We need to filter these overseas programs into a local context and make the ideas and information relevant to those who live in Vancouver's polyglot society. The Vancouver television market needs creators rather than distributors. (Trevor Chan, Comment #192)

 

Most often, ethnic programs are only brought to us as "add-ons", or "imported" from other countries. WE WANT TO ENJOY LOCALLY PRODUCED MULTICULTURAL PROGRAMS that reflect OUR multicultural community. (Joey Cheung, Comment # 361)

 

Vancouver has produced many South Asian artists and theatre groups who have become internationally renowned musicians and singers. So the thrust of the programming should be local. This market needs a unique configuration, not what's good for Toronto or Montréal. (Shushma Datt, Comment #340)

 

I have been working and interacting primarily with "Canadian-born" media-savvy Asian Canadian cultural producers. We feel the best way to reflect the modern ethnic reality is to let us produce it. We have the skills. We know the languages. We live the life. (Charlie Cho, Vancouver Asian Film Festival, Comment #489)

14.

Other parties commented on the positive economic benefits that would result from the establishment of a new ethnic television service in Greater Vancouver.
 

The international characteristics of Vancouver constitute one of our most important assets in attracting overseas investors and visitors. Over-the-air television services such as noted here would greatly assist the Commission in its task of promoting Vancouver as one of the world's most livable cities and as Canada's most important gateway to the Asia Pacific region. (Vancouver Economic Development Commission, Comment #273)

 

Immigrants from all over the world have come to make Vancouver home for their families and businesses. .the connections they have with countries outside of Canada are invaluable to both the economic and cultural growth of the city. However, I see that there seems to be a lack of channel in the local broadcasting industry through which businesses can connect with residents with limited English-speaking ability. (Joseph C.S. Ho, Comment #157)

15.

Milton K. Wong of HSBC Asset Management (Comment #353) also outlined the potentially damaging impact that may result from extension into Vancouver of the signal of multicultural station KBCB Bellingham, Washington:
 

[The station] will target Vancouver viewers, diverting valuable jobs and revenue out of Vancouver and out of the Canadian broadcasting system. Once these jobs and revenue are diverted, they will be difficult to repatriate. In addition to the financial loss, we will also lose much needed Canadian programming. I therefore urge the CRTC to license this new ethnic station in Vancouver as soon as possible.

 

A competitive licensing process

16.

Interveners urged the Commission to issue a call for applications to be heard under a competitive licensing process. In their view, this would ensure that all potential applicants have an opportunity to submit competitive bids for authority to provide over-the-air television services.
 

We believe that only through a competitive bidding process and public hearing will it be possible for the Commission to adequately assess the most beneficial means of servicing the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of the Greater Vancouver Area. (British Columbia Film, Comment #455)

 

The CRTC should consider a call for applications for a new service, emphasizing the importance of extensive local programming made by local producers and reflecting local issues.(BC Heritage Language Association, Comment #544)

 

Positions of the broadcasters

17.

In their submissions, Rogers Broadcasting and CHUM Limited presented differing views as to how Vancouver's ethnic communities could best be served. Rogers cited the need for the establishment of an ethnic station modelled on the Commission's ethnic broadcasting policy - 60% ethnic programming, 50% of programming in third languages. CHUM asserted that the needs of the ethnic communities can be met in a number of ways under the Commission's policies, including the provision by local stations of programs that better reflect the cultural diversity of the region.

18.

Global Television contended that an argument can be made against licensing a new over-the-air multilingual station, and suggested that a more efficient and logical approach to the provision of third-language service is through the specialty model.

19.

Fairchild Television, licensee of two discretionary ethnic services, asserted that the Chinese community in Vancouver is very well served, and that the Chinese-language advertising market cannot sustain another service directed to this community without causing serious harm to existing Chinese-language services.

20.

The Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) stated that the Commission must continue to weigh the ability of the market to sustain new entrants in considering how best to provide greater cultural diversity.
 

Conclusion

21.

The written comments have demonstrated a very strong demand for a new television service to better serve the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of Greater Vancouver. The vast majority of parties submitting comments strongly believe that the licensing of a new over-the-air ethnic television service with a strong local component is essential.

 

Demographic composition of Greater Vancouver

 

Introduction

22.

For the purposes of this report, the Greater Vancouver Area includes the following municipalities on the lower mainland: Anmore Village, Belcarra Village, Burnaby City, Burrard Inlet 3 Reserve, Capilano 5 Reserve, Coquitlam City, Delta District Municipality, Greater Vancouver - Subdivision A of Regional District, Katzie 1 Reserve, Langley City, Langley District Municipality, Lions Bay Village, Maple Ridge District Municipality, Matsqui 4 Reserve, McMillan Island 6 Reserve, Mission 1 Reserve, Musqueam 2 Reserve, New Westminster City, North Vancouver City, North Vancouver District Municipality, Pitt Meadows District Municipality, Port Coquitlam City, Port Moody City, Richmond City, Semiahmoo Reserve, Surrey City, Tsawwassen Reserve, University Endowment Area Subdivision of Regional District, Vancouver City, West Vancouver District Municipality and White Rock City.

23.

Greater Vancouver has the third largest population of any metropolitan area in Canada. According to census data compiled by Statistics Canada, the total population of Greater Vancouver in 1996 was about 1.8 million persons. Projections by the Government of British Columbia estimate the total population of Greater Vancouver in 2000 to have been slightly more than 2 million persons, and forecast that it will rise to almost 2.9 million persons by 2026, an increase of 44%. Perhaps most noteworthy is the increasingly diverse demographic composition of Greater Vancouver.

24.

In the public process, it was pointed out that the demographic composition of Greater Vancouver can be defined in a number of ways: by ethnic origin, by mother tongue, and by the language spoken in the home. Depending on which criteria is used, the potential ethnic audience cited by interveners ranged from approximately 400,000 to 800,000 persons.
 

Population of Great Vancouver by ethnic origin

25.

According to Statistics Canada's 1996 census data, approximately 41% of all Greater Vancouver residents identified their ethnic origin as being other than British, French or Aboriginal. Taking into consideration instances where respondants identified more than one ethnic origin, over half (53.6%) of the Greater Vancouver population identified their ethnic origin as being, at least in part, other than British, French or Aboriginal.

26.

Table 1 provides a breakdown of the total Greater Vancouver population by ethnic group in 1996, taking into account both single and multiple responses, for those ethnic groups whose population exceeds 20,000.

Table 1
Ethnic origin in Greater Vancouver
(single and multiple responses, 20% sample data)

Ethnic Origin (more than 20,000 persons)

Canadian

311,510

French

131,590

British*

1,107,280

North American Indian

38,140

Other

Chinese

288,795

German

186,940

East Indian

107,170

Ukrainian

73,335

Dutch (Netherlands)

65,665

Italian

64,285

Polish

50,035

Filipino

42,475

Norwegian

39,710

Swedish

34,810

Russian

30,420

Japanese

24,300

Jewish

22,225

Spanish

20,785

*British includes English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh and British not included elsewhere


 Source: 1996 Census, Statistics Canada

27.

Table 2 illustrates that, between 1986 and 1996, the Chinese and South Asian communities were the fastest growing ethnic groups in Greater Vancouver, increasing by 163% and 132% respectively over that ten-year period. Also notable is the 44% increase in the number of people who identify themselves as being of "multiple origins".

Table 2
Trends in Greater Vancouver's population by ethnic origin
(single responses)

Ethnic Origin

Number and percentage of total population

 

1986

1996

% Growth

British

392,650

(28.8%)

220,885

(12.2%)

-43.7%

French

29,310

(2.2%)

18,735

(1.0%)

-36.1%

Chinese

100,335

(7.4%)

264,220

(14.6%)

163%

German

60,435

(4.4%)

47,325

(2.6%)

-21.7%

South Asian

45,710

(3.4%)

106,095

(5.8%)

132%

Italian

29,395

(2.2%)

30,175

(1.7%)

2.7%

Dutch

25,210

(1.9%)

22,045

(1.2%)

-12.6%

Other single origins

196,625

(14.4%)

305,190

(16.8%)

55.2%

Multiple origins

482,770

(35.4%)

697,395

(38.4%)

44.5%

Total

1,362,450

 

1,813,935

 

33.1%

Source: Statistics Canada


28.

The growth of these communities continues. In 1998, 17% (30,169) of all immigrants to Canada selected Vancouver as their destination of choice. (Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada)

 

Population of Greater Vancouver by mother tongue

29.

The diverse multilingual makeup of Greater Vancouver is also illustrated by the data contained in Table 3. Residents having a mother tongue other than English or French represented almost one-third of the total population of Greater Vancouver.

 

Table 3
Mother tongue in the Greater Vancouver
(single responses, 20% sample data)

Mother Tongue

Population

% of total population

Single Responses

   

Official languages

   

English

1,165,270

64.2

French

23,405

1.3

Non-official languages

   

Chinese

238,790

13.2

German

33,940

1.9

Punjabi

68,115

3.8

Taglog

(Philipino)

23,430

1.3

Other non-official-languages

228,730

12.6

Multiple responses

32,255

1.8

Total Population

1,813,935

100.0

Source: Statistics Canada, 1996 Census

Conclusions


30.

Information available from Statistics Canada and other sources supports the observations in the written comments that Greater Vancouver has a diverse and growing multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population. In light of this, the Commission considers it essential that a television service be provided that properly reflects and meets the needs of the ethnic population of Greater Vancouver.

31.

The balance of this report examines the availability of ethnic programming in Greater Vancouver. It also examines the policies and licensing procedures through which an over-the-air television service can be established most quickly in response to this priority.
 

Existing ethnic television programming in Greater Vancouver

32.

As outlined below, ethnic television programming is available in Greater Vancouver from a number of sources, including locally-based Fairchild Television Ltd. Fairchild has operated both a national and a regional ethnic specialty service since 1993, and makes significant contributions to the communities it serves.
 

Conventional television service

33.

CHEK-TV Victoria, whose over-the-air signal is receivable in Vancouver, broadcasts two hours of ethnic programming in Punjabi on weekend mornings.
 

Special programming channel

34.

Shaw Cable distributes a special programming channel consisting of ethnic multicultural programs. The individual linguistic components change, but the service tends to serve between 20 and 25 language groups.

35.

Table 4 illustrates the amount of programming per week that this channel offered to cable subscribers in April 2000.

Table 4
Shaw's special programming channel

Language of Programming

Hours per week

Hindi

9.5

Korean

19.0

German

5.0

Armenian

0.5

Polish

6.0

Spanish

5.5

Persian (Iranian)

8.0

Japanese

5.0

Italian

9.0

Croatian

1.5

Pastoo/Dari (Afghan)

1.0

Serbian/Croatian

0.5

Hungarian

1.0

Slovak

1.0

Tagalog

4.0

Urdu

1.5

Ethnic specialty services

 

36.

Five Canadian ethnic specialty services are now in operation, offering programming in a variety of languages.

37.

Fairchild, a national specialty service, offers programming predominantly in the Cantonese-language complemented by Mandarin. The service is distributed either on a stand-alone basis or as part of a package with other discretionary services, and is available to subscribers for a fee in addition to the basic monthly fee.

38.

Talentvision, a regional specialty service, provides programming predominantly in Mandarin, complemented by some programming in the Vietnamese and Korean languages. The service is distributed either on a stand-alone basis or as part of a package with other discretionary services, and is available to subscribers for a fee in addition to the basic monthly fee.

39.

SATV, a national specialty service, serves South Asian communities in 15 South Asian languages, principally Hindi, supplemented by programming in English. The service is provided exclusively as a discretionary service.

40.

Odyssey, a national specialty service, provides Greek-language programming across Canada. Odyssey is required to provide 100% of its programming in the Greek-language with the exception of a small amount of news programming. The service is provided exclusively as a discretionary service.

41.

Telelatino, a national specialty service, provides programs directed to Italian and Hispanic/Spanish audiences. The service is available on a discretionary basis for a fee in addition to the basic monthly fee.

42.

The Commission also notes that the following services are on the List of Part II & III Eligible Satellite Services: Black Entertainment Television (BET), Deutsche Welle, The Filipino Channel, TV Japan, TV Polonia, and WMNB-TV (Russian-language programming). These services may be included in the service offerings of all distributors, at their option.
 

Conclusions

43.

Although ethnic television programming is available in Greater Vancouver, it is evident that very little of it is locally produced or locally oriented. Most of it is foreign, and only a small amount is provided by over-the-air stations. Almost all of what is available is distributed by cable or satellite, and can only be obtained through the payment of a fee in addition to the basic monthly fee.

44.

The Commission has determined that the licensing of an over-the-air television service that reflects and meets the needs of the Greater Vancouver's multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population is a priority.

 

Available television channels in Greater Vancouver

45.

Industry Canada's TV Allotment Plan shows the following channels available for analog TV applications: 39B, 41B, 42C, 45A. Therefore, the availability of television channels for additional over-the-air services in Greater Vancouver is not an issue.
 

Existing policy framework for television services

 

Introduction

46.

Section 3 (1)(d)(iii) of the Broadcasting Act states, in part, that the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the circumstances and aspirations of Canadians, including the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canadian society. Accordingly, the Commission not only encourages, but expects all television stations, including non-ethnic stations, to reflect the diversity of the markets they serve. These stations are free to broadcast ethnic programming. However, in order to provide a level of economic protection to existing ethnic services, a non-ethnic television station may not devote more than 15% of its schedule to third-language programming without Commission approval. The maximum amount of third-language programming that a non-ethnic station may provide, with Commission approval, is 40%.

47.

There are two key policies that are particularly relevant to the consideration of how best to establish a new television service to serve the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of Greater Vancouver. These are the Commission's Policy Framework for Canadian Television; and its Ethnic Broadcasting Policy. The Commission's licensing criteria and procedures used in considering applications for new television services are also relevant to an examination of this matter.
 

Policy framework for Canadian television (Public Notice CRTC 1999-97)

48.

The Commission set out a revised policy for conventional private television stations in Public Notice CRTC 1999-97. In that policy, the Commission made a number of statements with respect to the issue of cultural diversity:
 

The Commission will expect all conventional television licensees (at licensing or licence renewal) to make specific commitments to initiatives designed to ensure that they contribute to a system that more accurately reflects the presence of cultural and racial minorities and Aboriginal peoples in the communities they serve. Licensees are expected to ensure that the on-screen portrayal of all minority groups is accurate, fair and non-stereotypical.

 

Under the Act, the Canadian television system, through its programming and employment opportunities, should reflect the circumstances and aspirations of all Canadians, as well as the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canadian society and the special place of Aboriginal peoples in that society.

 

The objectives for the Canadian television system in this area are clear. The system should be a mirror in which all Canadians can see themselves. It should be one in which producers, writers, technicians and artists from different cultural and social perspectives have the opportunity to create a variety of programming and to develop their skills.

 

The Commission is confident that the system, as a whole, can better reflect the presence of minority groups in Canadian society, and in doing so, portray them accurately and fairly. The Commission believes that broadcasters should recognize, respect and actively promote diversity...

 

All licensees will be required to demonstrate how they propose to meet the demands and reflect the interests of their local audiences. As in the past, if the Commission determines that licensees have failed to respond to legitimate community needs, appropriate action including the imposition of specific conditions of licence may be taken on a case-by-case basis.

 

Ethnic broadcasting policy (Public Notice CRTC 1999-117)

49.

The Commission's ethnic broadcasting policy is based upon the Broadcasting Act and is set out in Public Notice CRTC 1999-117. It has these particular objectives:
 
  • to develop broadcasting services that reflect Canada's cultural and linguistic plurality, which is an essential part of the Canadian social structure;
 
  • to ensure access to ethnic programming to the extent practicable given resource limitations; and
 
  • to foster opportunities for greater understanding among people with different cultural backgrounds.

50.

The key elements of the new ethnic broadcasting policy, as it pertains to television stations, can be summarized as follows:
 
  • Definition of an ethnic program. An ethnic program is one, in any language, that is specifically directed to any culturally or racially distinct group other than one that is Aboriginal, Canadian or from France or the British Isles.
 
  • Amount of ethnic programming for ethnic television stations. Ethnic television stations must devote at least 60% of each broadcast month to ethnic programming. The Commission may increase the amount of ethnic programming an ethnic station must broadcast by condition of licence where appropriate.
 
  • Broad service requirement. Since the number of broadcasting frequencies is limited, the programming provided by an ethnic station must generally reflect and serve a broad range of ethnic communities in the station's coverage area. This approach also allows for the provision of service to groups too small to support the operation of their own single-language services.
 
  • Third-language programming. At least 50% of all programming broadcast by an ethnic television station must be in a third language (i.e. not English, French or an Aboriginal Canadian language). The Commission retains the discretion to establish a different minimum level of third-language programming for individual stations, by condition of licence.
 
  • Canadian content. Ethnic television stations must broadcast the same minimum Canadian content levels as non-ethnic private television stations: 60% Canadian content overall; 50% during the evening broadcast period. These requirements may be varied by the Commission for any ethnic television station by condition of licence.
 
  • Local content. The Commission expects ethnic broadcasters, at the time of licensing and renewal, to provide plans on how they will reflect local issues and concerns during the terms of their licences.At license renewal, the station will be required to evaluate its progress on the plan it has set out.
 

Licensing procedures and criteria for considering new television applications

51.

A potential applicant for a new analog over-the-air television service must find a suitable channel and submit appropriate technical documentation to Industry Canada demonstrating that the proposed use of the frequency complies with all applicable technical rules and regulations. Assuming a suitable channel is available, an application for a licence under the Broadcasting Act may be submitted to the Commission, either in response to a formal call or on an unsolicited basis. If the Commission receives an unsolicited application, it is examined for completeness (including technical acceptance from Industry Canada). Once the application is deemed complete, the Commission generally issues a call for other applications to provide television service to the market in question.

52.

The Commission takes a number of factors into account in evaluating the merits of competing proposals for new television services. In 1999, the Commission's call for applications to provide television services to Vancouver and/or Victoria (Public Notice CRTC 1999-101) included the following criteria:
 
  • The contribution that the proposed service will make to achieving the objectives established in the Broadcasting Act and, in particular, to the production of local and regional programming.
 
  • The expected audience of the proposed service.
 
  • The means by which the applicant will promote the development of Canadian talent, including local and regional talent.
 
  • An analysis of the markets involved and potential advertising revenues, taking into account the results of any survey undertaken supporting the estimates.
 
  • An indication of possible shared investment or co-operative program buying arrangements with Canadian or foreign broadcasters.
 
  • Evidence as to the availability of financial resources consistent with the requirements established in the financial projections of the applicant's business plan.

53.

These factors are generally used in the assessment of competing television applications for all markets. However, the relative importance of each of these factors will vary depending on the specific circumstances of the market concerned.
 

Vancouver/Victoria television market

54.

The Vancouver/Victoria television market is in transition. In this calendar year, the following changes are expected to take place:
 
  • CHUM is to launch a new independent television station in Victoria (Decision CRTC 2000-219).
 
  • Trinity Television will launch a new religious station to serve the Fraser Valley Region.
 
  • CHAN-TV Vancouver and CHEK-TV Victoria will drop their CTV affiliation and become Global stations as part of Global's acquisition of WIC's television assets (Decision CRTC 2000-221).
 
  • CTV's independent CIVT-TV will become part of the CTV network.
 
  • CKVU-TV, Global's former Vancouver station, is to be sold in accordance with the Commission's divestiture requirement imposed as part of its approval of Global's acquisition of CHAN-TV and CHEK-TV. It is not known how CKVU-TV will be programmed by a new owner.

55.

As noted by interveners, the presence of KBCB-TV Bellingham will mean an increase in the amount of foreign ethnic programming available in Vancouver.

56.

The aggregate profit before interest and taxes (PBIT) of existing stations in the Vancouver/Victoria market has been above the national average PBIT of 12.3% for all Canadian television stations between 1997-1999.

57.

The Commission recognizes the state of uncertainty in the Vancouver/Victoria television market, and the possible impact that the introduction of a new station may have on existing broadcasting services in that market. However, in light of the diverse and rapidly growing ethnic communities in Greater Vancouver, and given the very strong demand demonstrated in the interventions, the Commission considers the early establishment of an over-the-air television service that reflects and meets the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of Greater Vancouver to be a priority.
 

A call for applications to provide an over-the-air ethnic television service to Vancouver

58.

In response to Order in Council P.C. 2000-1551, and after careful consideration of this issue and the written comments filed as part of this proceeding, the Commission finds that establishing an over-the-air television service that reflects and meets the needs of the multicultural, multilingual and multiracial population of the Greater Vancouver area can be achieved in the most expeditious manner through the issuance of a call for applications. Accordingly, in Public Notice CRTC 2001-32 released today, the Commission issues an immediate call for applications under its Ethnic Broadcasting Policy. The Commission is satisfied that the provisions of this policy, including its flexibility, offer an effective means to achieve the earliest possible establishment of an over-the-air broadcasting service that ensures the reflection of the aspirations and circumstances of all Canadians, including the multicultural and multiracial nature of Canadian society.
 

Secretary General
 

This document is available in alternate format upon request and may also be examined at the following Internet site: http://www.crtc.gc.ca

 

Appendix

Parties submitting written comments

Name

Comment #

A.K. Video & TV Productions Ltd.

051

Aballini, Rogers

489

Abrigo Centre

030

Acento Latino TV

327

ACL Records Management Ltd.

212

Ad Verbum Communications

393

AFP Wealth Management Inc.

126

African Culture Association

128

AHEPA

383

AHEPA (American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association

261

Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention

045

Amorim, Antonio

373

AMRO Pictures

005

Andersen, W.G.

038

Anderson, Joan M.

397

Antonson, Brian

198

Aquilanti, Jayson

043

Aquilanti, Sandro

177

Aquilanti, Tara

166

Arab Community Centre of Toronto, The

350

Arab Heritage Centre

108

Armenian Catholic Church of Toronto Canada

058

Armenian Community Centre

133

Armenian Education and Cultural Society

072

Armenian General Benevolent Union of Canada Inc.

131

Armenian Relief Society Inc., "Roubina" Chapter

093

Armenian Senior Citizen's Club of Toronto

134

Association of Chinese Canadian Entrepreneurs

090

Association of Soviet Jewry in Canada

342

Association of Women of India in Canada

183

Associazione Nationale Bersaglieri d'Italia

066

Attard, Frank

041

ATW Management Communications Inc.

339

Au, Alan

245

Aw, Florence

014

B.C. Hate Crime Team

208

Badgley, Leigh

035

Bagri, Sunny

319

Balmoral Marketing & Advertising

219

Baltic Federation in Canada

446

Batista, J.

234

BC Muslim Association Surrey/Delta Chapter

098

Bell, Karen

037

Bernardino, Jill

252

Bhausaheb, Ubale (Dr.)

281

Bhavnani, Anil

139

Boreson, L.

438

Botelho, Paul

492

Boyko-Vekin, Andre

009

Boyko-Vekin, Ina

011

Branco, Luis

266

Brar, Dipinder

536

Brar, Kuldip Singh

322

Braz, Amarjit

302

British Columbia Film

455

British Columbia Heritage Language Association

544

British Columbia Muslim Association+340 petition of letters

400

Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu-Chi Foundation Canada

026

Budiarjo, Yeny

360

Burnaby Family Life Institute

095

Cabaj, Jolanta

055

Calado, Regina

238

Campbell, Keri-Ann

196

Can. Found. for Preservation of Chinese Cult. & Hist. Treas

371

Canada-India Beauty Quest

175

Canadian Arab Federation

107

Canadian Armenian Business Council

123

Canadian Association of Broadcasters

277

Canadian Council of Hindus

091

Canadian Council of Muslim Women

114

Canadian Ethnic Journalists' and Writers' Club

001

Canadian Ethnocultural Council

167

Canadian Hispanic Congress

135

Canadian Informer, The

458

Canadian Italian Business and Professionnal Association

186

Canadian Italian Family Assistance Associations

388

Canadian Journalists for Free Expression

063

Canadian Macedonian Cultural Library Foundation

235

Canadian Polish Congress

463

Canadian Polish Congress, Sudbury District

453

Canadian Race Relations Foundation, The

456

Canadian Scene

006

Canadian Sikh Study & Teaching Society

313

Canadian Society for the Development of Cultural Empathy

201

Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society

187

Canadian-Croatian Congress

348

Carefirst Seniors & Community Services Association

425

Carmen

522

Caugh, M.L.

303

Centre for Italian Culture and Education

132

CFMT-TV

282

Chan Piper, Cindy

333

Chan, Adrienne

213

Chan, Anthonio

430

Chan, Chi-Hung

085

Chan, Denise

414

Chan, Edmund

429

Chan, Haydee

031

Chan, Jean

173

Chan, Maureen

443

Chan, Trevor

192

Chandaria, Keshav

154

Chang, Ming

049

Chapryk, Gayle

392

Cheema, Jasbir

042

Chen, Steven

520

Cheng, Shu-Chen

278

Cheung, Betty

029

Cheung, Joey

361

Cheung, Kingsley

251

Chin

514

Chinese Arts Festival Committee

276

Chinese Benevolent Association of Vancouver

280

Chinese Business Chamber of Canada

033

Chinese Canadian Dental Society

191

Chinese Canadian Military Museum Society

473

Chinese Community Library Association, The

140

Chinese Community Policing Centre

211

Chinese Community T.V.

399

Chinese Cultural Centre of Greater Vancouver

366

Chinese Family Life Services of Metro Toronto

542

Chinese Women Entrepreneurial Association

472

Chiu, Daniel, Councillor - City of Coquitlam

223

Chond, Ida, MLA

311

Chow, Carina

078

Chow, Frionna

447

Chu, Irene

119

CHUM Television

326

CIRCA Enterprises

380

Clar, Sheila & Esquerra, Rosemarie M.

147

Committee for Racial Justice

269

Community Organization on Race Relations for London

230

Comox-Strathcona, Regional District of

459

Complete English Lab & Student Counseling

136

Compusys Support Inc.

525

Constantino, Anthony (Dr.)

288

Constantino, Lena

285

Consulting Media Centre

291

Council of the Muslim Community of Canada

088

CPS Enterprises Ltd.

320

Creative Cultural Communications

092

Creighton-Kelly, Chris

470

CultureLink Settlement Services

331

Cumbo, Richard S.

426

Dang, Lam

207

Dang, Ron

247

Dao, Tammy

394

Dark Horse Ent.

491

Dasmesh Punjabi Educational Association

228

Dasmesh Punjabi School-Abbotsford

229

Davies, Libby, M.P.

181

de Sampaio, Pedro (Consul of Portugal in Vancouver)

194

De Villa, Ron

500

Delta Police Department

316

DeLuca, German

286

DeLuca, Maria

287

Desh Pardesh

202

Dhaliwal, Hardeep

178

Dhanday, Jas

503

Dhanday, Ronni

483

Donato, Peter

328

Dove, Dorothy

151

Dove, Dorothy

502

Drews, Ronald

163

Dynamotive Technologies Corporation

385

Eisinger, Bert

100

Ekramoddoullah, Lubna

336

Eteramibar, Ali

345

Evergreen News & Evergreen News Club of S.U.C.C.E.S.S.

465

Excel Funds Management Inc.

062

Fahr, Edwin

411

Fairchild Televison Ltd.

355

Federation of Chinese Canadians in Markham

364

Federation of Mainland Chinese Organizations of Ontario

144

Federation of Portuguese Canadian Business & Professionals

237

Federazione Abruzzese of Toronto

007

Felenti, I.

518

Fernando, T. Viresh

084

Ferrales, E.

417

Ferreira, M.T.B.

497

Fiji Canada Association

460

Fok, Donna

077

Fong, Steve

477

Fung, Thomas

434

Gail Picco Associates

024

Gardner, Robert

079

George and Helen Vari Foundation

232

George, Usha

102

Gill, Jamail

357

Gill, Ninu

490

Gill, Ted

215

Girn, Parveen

334

Global Focus in film

275

Global Television Network

391

Gonçalves, Joana (Dr.)

272

Gorskou, Alex

377

Gorskou, Dina

379

Gorskou, George

376

Gorskou, Marina

378

Gosal, K.

308

Gray, Teresa

427

Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)

546

Grewal Kaur, Surjit

532

Grewal, Amarjit

307

Gulati, Neelam

299

Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara Society

501

Hai Horizon

129

Halton Multicultural Council Inc.

172

Hamilton, Dr. James

046

Harmony Movement

386

Harms, Steven

262

Harris, Heidi

264

Hasan, Shawkat

461

Hellenic Canadian Congress

115

Hellenic Canadian Congress of BC

086

Hellenic Community of Vancouver, The

267

Herbert, J. Alan

401

Hindi-Punjabi Senior Citizen's Group

528

Ho, Alice S.W.

218

Ho, Joseph C.S.

157

Ho, Stephanie

160

Ho, Theresa

358

Hofast Enterprises (Canada) Ltd.

137

Holy Trinity Armenian Church

080

Homenetmen-Armenian General Sports Union-Toronto

075

Hong Kong Tourist Association

142

HSBC Asset Management

353

Hundal, Parduman S.

295

Hundal, Ravinder

535

I.T. Productions

340

Immigrant and Visible Minority Women of BC

363

India League of Canada

048

India Rainbow Community Services of Peel

352

Indo Canadian Films International

073

Indo-Canada

449

Indo-Canadian Advisory Group

156

Indo-Canadian Seniors

314

Indo-Canadian Women's Group

537

Infinity Broadcasting

347

Infoworth Consulting Inc.

105

Ingalla, Y.

150

Inland Refugee Society of B.C.

512

Inter-Cultural Association of Greater Victoria

395

Inter-Cultural Association of Greater Victoria+57 letters

468

Ip, Anita

239

Ip, Kelly

040

Ip, Maggie

050

Iranian Canadian Cultural Fellowship

104

Iranian Medical Dental and Pharmaceutical Association

168

J & R Consulting

505

J-Long Signs & Supplies Inc.

422

Jain Society of Toronto

155

Janet Fraser Consulting

127

Jang, Greg

499

Jang, Lilly

506

Joy, Penny & Campbell, Peter C.

032

Julien, Angela

337

Kaellis, Eugene

099

Kalcine Enterprises

179

Kan Ya Makan Radio

284

Karunairajan, Richards

329

Kashmeri, Zuhair (Kash)

367

Kaufman, Eleonora

068

Kaufman, Lidia & Jakov

023

Kaundai, G.

526

Kaur Sara, Mohinder

527

Kaur, Balbir

304

Kaur, Charnjeet

533

Kaur, Rajinder

530

Kaur-Gill, Marjit

298

Khaira, Manjit iS.

508

Khalsa Community School

495

Kheria, J.S.

309

Kim, Hyo

059

Kim, Myung S.

171

KONTAKT

390

Korean Air

462

Korean Canadian Cultural Assoc. Greater Toronto Area, The

146

Korey, George (Dr.)

471

Kothari, Raj

008

Krasnogolov, Denis

071

Kulczynski, Dariusz Witold

484

Kwan, Hin-Kwong

019

L, Michelle

138

Latvian Heritage Society of Ottawa

036

Latvian National Federation in Canada

444

Lau, Doreen

543

Lau, Kenneth

039

Laurier Institution, The

074

Law Courts Education Society of British Columbia

387

Law, K.T. Gary

118

Law, Pamela

076

Law, Shirley

538

Lee, C.C.

435

Lee, Casey

409

Lee, Gordon

020

Lee, Joyce

250

Lee, Kevin

486

Lee, Vicky

279

Lee, Vivian

418

Lee, Vivian

433

Lee, Wendy

431

Leung & Wong

113

Leung Family

210

Leung, Alice P.Y.

209

Li, Andy

111

Li, Chris

169

Li, Merica

448

Lit, Thekla

017

Liu, Eric

064

LiuFu, Qiu Ju

539

Lo, Blanche

432

Lo, Chloe

117

Lo, Steve

116

Lohman, Brenda

103

Lopez, Clifford

344

Lopez, Kemmy

346

Louie, William

325

Lowe, Alan (Mayor/maire)

454

Lynn Communications Inc.

165

Macedonian Productions, CFMT-TV

002

Madhuban Broadcasting Services Inc.

052

Mah, Byron

498

Mak, Purdey

120

Maltese Canadian Federation

457

Manesh, Mitra S.

214

Manila Media Monitor, Inc.

065

Mann, H.K.

524

Maranilla, Mona

206

Martens, Elna

241

Martens, I.

265

Martin, O

258

Martyn, Mary-Lynn

324

Massing, John

044

Matten, M.

259

Mattens, Jacob

256

McNamara, James

513

Media Minders Inc.

365

Mehta, Neeraj

271

Mele, Laura

199

Mennonite Central Committee

349

Mikac, Janina

374

Mississauga Board of Chinese Professionals & Business

170

Mississauga Mandarin Association

216

Mitrowsko, E.

469

Miyazaki, Noboru

015

Mo, Eileen

515

Morin, Alexander

354

Morin, Very Reverend Vladimir

203

Multicultural Family Centre

405

Multicultural History Society of Toronto

236

Multicultural Society Pakistani Canadians

106

Munawaat Arabia TV

109

Nagra, Bhupinder

184

Nagra, Karnail Singh

185

Nagra, Pardeep

094

National Ballet of Canada, The

190

National Coaltion for Multilingual TV

398

National Congress of Italian Canadians

428

Ness. Christie

415

Neves, Paula

016

New Pathway, The

124

Ng, Steve

249

Ngan, Gailan

141

North Shore Multicultural Society

382

Nou, Phangsy

122

Okahori, Glen

487

Oliver, Denis F.

013

Omni Film Productions Ltd.

003

Ontario Korean Businessmen's Association

152

Ontario Public Health Association

087

Order of AHEPA

384

Owen, Philip W., Mayor of Vancouver

312

Pai, Jacky

521

Paola, Ennio A.

436

Patni-Tejpar, Shahira

021

Pekao Trading Company (Canada) Limited

221

People's Law School, The

027

People's Law School, The

540

Peries, Esther

493

Persian Traditional Art & Cultural Foundatin

053

Petition of 9,402 letters/Pétition de 9,402 lettres

541

Phillips, Douglas

004

Pierro, Gary

205

Pires, Ben J.

034

Planet in Focus: Toronto Environmental Film/Video Festival

112

Plawuszczak Pidzamecky, Ulana

110

Polish Canadian Society of Music

096

Polish Canadian Women's Federation

180

Polish-Canadian Independent Courier

485

Polish-Canadian Women's Federation

125

Polish-Canadian Women's Federation

441

Pooni, Amanjot

301

Portuguese-Canadian National Congress

225

Price, James

083

Priest-Peries, Kathy

496

Progressive Intercultural Community Services Society

145

PUENTE Theatre

047

Quattrociocchi, Anna

293

Radyo, Vera

332

Randhawa, Kamalbir Singh

534

Rasteh, Mark

412

Rathee, K.V.

061

Ray, Sunny K.

204

Reade, Elizabeth

338

Rekai, Kati

010

Rekart, Michael L.

402

Rezvanifar, Kiu

149

Richmond Chamber of Commerce

479

Richmond Chinese Seniors Group

197

Richmond Maple Mandarin Group

351

Richmond Multicultural Concerns Society

188

Rights on Reel

389

Rodak, Walentina

028

Romana, Kulbir

297

Romana, Pal

300

Rothery, Pauline

482

Rourk, Tracy

416

Ruffolo, Frank

437

Russian Canadian Cultural Aid Society-Toronto

292

Russian-Canadian Cultural Aid Society-Burlington

343

Ryerson Polytechnic University

450

S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Chinatown Seniors Services Group+13 letters

467

S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Richmond Women's Club

547

S.U.C.C.E.S.S. United Chinese Comm.Enrich. Serv. Society

509

Saint Mary Armenian Apostolic Church, Toronto

130

Saltel, Jon Pavl

410

Saltel, Sandra

413

Sandhu, Nikki

407

Sappal, Gurdeep

317

Scarborough York Region Chinese Business Association

226

Sekora, M.P.

268

Sidhu, Balinder S.

310

Sidhu, Kinder

529

Sidhu, Nimi

296

Sidhu-Hundal, Rashpal

368

Sidhy, Naby

321

Sidson Farms Ltd.

306

Siedlecka, Jolanta

451

Silva, Mario, Councillor - Toronto

231

Sin, Jasmine

255

Sin, Mrs. Wai & 3 signatories

372

Singh, Gurcharan

318

Singh, Jagdeesh

362

Singh, Kamaljit

305

Siu, Way

504

Skills for Change

381

SkyLink Aviation Inc.

067

Snyder, Eric

057

Sobreira, Florencio & Trinidad

220

Société Maison de la Francophonie de Vancouver

162

Society for the Aid of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Minorities

475

Sondhi, Amrita

217

Sonechko

294

South Asian Canadian Chamber of Commerce

148

South Asian Legal Clinic Initiative

404

Sova, Luule

442

St. John Ambulance

158

St. John Ambulance - Metropolitan Toronto

222

Staddon, Naomi

359

Statistics Canada

424

Steve

060

Stewart, Donna

070

Stewart, Mrs. M.D.

233

Sunbrite Business Association

240

Tahir, B.

420

Taiwan Entrepreneurs & Investors Ass. in British Columbia

510

Tam, Ada

182

Tamil Eelam Society of Canada

274

Tan, Julie

246

Tan, Mavis

254

Tan, Sid

369

Tapestry

283

Terry O Communication Inc.

335

Tokmakov, Valery

341

Tomi, Rudi

012

Toronoto Police Service-53 Division

224

Toronto Chinese Community Services Association

370

Toronto Press Club

056

Tri-City Asian Community Association+38 letters

466

Triemstra, Weston

200

Trinity Square Video

227

Ts'o, Felix Y.

101

Tse, Kathleen

082

Tundra Books

097

Turna, Amar

531

TVCeylon

480

Ukrainian Canadian Congress - Toronto Branch

323

United Macedonian Organization of Canada

018

United Way of the Lower Mainland

476

Vaisbord, David

159

Van Velzon, Andrew

375

Vancouver & Lower Mainland Multicultural Family Support Ser

423

Vancouver Asian Film Festival, 2000

488

Vancouver Chinatown Merchants Association

022

Vancouver Chinese Community Policing Centre

439

Vancouver Economic Development Commission

273

Vancouver Island Turkish-Canadian Friendship Society

025

Vancouver Multicultural Society

153

Victoria Edelweiss Club

445

Victoria, Council of the City of

403

ViÊ Tiê'n Television

143

Vieira-Ribeiro, Candida

408

Vietnamese Women's Association of Toronto

189

Villa Charities Inc.

452

Voice, Luso Canadian Newspaper Ltd.

315

Volunteer Vancouver

054

Wahid, Mustafa Kamal

195

Wakaeayashi, Dana

494

Wall, Eleonore

257

Wan, Wilfred

069

Wang, J.

517

Wang, Suzie

516

Watson, Pat

330

Wavaw (Women Against Violence Against Women)

421

Welch Viccari, Anne

176

Westcoast Child Care Resource Centre

396

Westcoast Multicultural and Diversity Services

161

White Eagle Hall

164

Whittred, Katherine, MLA

270

Wiens, Elfrieda

260

Wiens, H.E.

263

Wilking, Sandra

174

Wolstenholme, Bryan

242

Wong, Baldwin

507

Wong, Grace

081

Wong, Grace

440

Wong, Mimi

248

Wong, Ray

419

Wong, Sienna

545

Wong, Vivian

474

Xie, Jason

523

Yadamar, Khin

478

Yagi, Helen

356

Yang, Dan Hui

243

Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care

089

Yeung, Ling

121

Yim Wei Lee, Mark

481

Yok, Simon

253

Young, David W.

244

Yousufy, Cindy

290

Yousufy, Jawad

289

Yu, Sylvia

193

Yuan, Stephenie

511

YWCA of Canada

464

Zavaglia, Maria

406

Zhay, Joey

519

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